Buonaparte - Relationship of Bonaparte and Buonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte was born as Napoleone Buonaparte, the second son of a Corsican family with dual Italian heritage: his father Carlo descended from Francesco Buonaparte, a Florentine who had emigrated in the mid-sixteenth century. Napoleons mother was a Ramolino, a family who arrived in Corsica c. 1500. For a while, Carlo, his wife, and their children were all Buonapartes, but history records the great emperor as being Bonaparte. Why? A growing French influence on both Corsica and the family caused them to adopt the French version of their name: Bonaparte. The future emperor changed his first name too, to just Napoleon. French Influence France gained control of Corsica in 1768, sending an army and a governor who would both play key roles in Napoleons life. Carlo certainly became close friends with the Comte de Marbeuf, the French ruler of Corsica, and fought to send the elder children to be educated in France so they could rise up the ranks of the much larger, richer and more powerful French world; however, their surnames remained almost wholly Buonaparte. It was only in 1793 that the use of Bonaparte begins to grow in frequency, thanks largely to Napoleons failure in Corsican politics and the familys consequent flight to France, where they initially lived in poverty. Napoleon was now a member of the French military, but had managed to a return to Corsica and involved himself in the power struggles of the area. Unlike his later career, things went badly, and the French army (and the French mainland) were soon their new home. Napoleon soon found success, first as an artillery commander in the siege of Toulon and the creation of the ruling Directory, and then in the triumphant Italian Campaign of 1795-6, whereupon he changed almost permanently to Bonaparte. It was clear at this point that the French military was his future, if not the government of France, and a French name would aid this: people could still be suspicious of foreigners (as they still tend to be.) Other members of his family followed as their lives became intertwined with the high-politics of France, and soon the newly named Bonaparte family ruled vast areas of Europe. Political Motivations The changing of the family name from Italian to French seems clearly political in retrospect: as members of an up-and-coming dynasty who ruled France, it made perfect sense to appear French and adopt French affectations. However, theres debate over the scant evidence, and its possible there wasnt a deliberate, family-wide, decision to rename themselves, just the constant and subversive effects of living among French culture working to lead them all to change. Carlos death in 1785, well before the use of Bonaparte became even remotely common, may also have been an enabling factor: they could well have stayed Buonaparte if he had still been alive.​ Readers may wish to note that a similar process happened to the Buonaparte childrens first names: Joseph was born Giuseppe, Napoleon was Napoleone and so on.

Effective And Ethically Defensible Methods Of Reducing Crime

Critically discuss whether biologically theories are capable of giving rise to effective and ethically defensible methods of reducing crime This essay will argue that the theory that biology, psychology, neurology can give a partial answer to finding effective and ethically defensible methods of reducing crime is supported. Through looking at the chapters dealing with biological theories, genetic, biochemical factors and neuroscience the author strives to structure the developing argument that an explanation cannot be achieved without considering the role of environment and external factors as a whole in the process of determining criminality and the criminal mind. The concept of crime is not genetic or natural; it is socially and†¦show more content†¦frontal lobotomy, psychosurgery, chemical and surgical castration. Biological theories Positivism, in relation to criminology, can be separated into three types: Biological (Lombroso), Psychological (Freud), and Social (Park, Durkheim). The purpose of positivism is to find objective facts, based on a scientific approach, â€Å"requiring direct empirical evidence and its careful analysis†. A predecessor to Positivism was Classicism, formulated by Beccaria. The principle of classical criminology is that there is a rational decision in the criminal’s mind to commit the said crime, and â€Å"all men being by nature self-seeking are liable to commit crime†. The difference between positivism and classicism is that the former treats criminals as biologically (psychologically, sociologically) different from noncriminals, and looks for one or all three of those reasons of a criminal mind. On the other hand, the latter considers a person as free, rational and governed by self-interest. Thus they are capable of putting a reason behind their actions and are responsible for the consequences. Biological theories look for a biological imbalance in individuals, which might cause a predisposition towards criminal behaviour. Lombroso was influenced by phrenology in his theory - phrenology is the idea that the shape of your skull defines your character. He also coined the term â€Å"born

Capital punishment in the Islamic Republic of Iran Free Essays

In recent years, many Muslims have come to accept the notion of democracy but there is a variety of opinion as to its precise meaning. They have sought to delineate Islamic forms of democracy, or popular political participation, seeking to provide an Islamic rationale whose legitimacy finds its roots in tradition. The Islamification of democracy has been based on a modern process of reinterpretation of the traditional Islamic concepts of political deliberation or consultation, community consensus, and personal interpretation or reinterpretation to support notions of parliamentary democracy; this also extends to include representative elections, and religious reform. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital punishment in the Islamic Republic of Iran or any similar topic only for you Order Now Islamic organizations such as the Muslim Brotherhoods in Egypt and Jordan, Algeria’s Islamic Salvation Front, Indonesia’s Muhammadiya and Nahdatual Ulama ostensibly have advocated the principle of democratic elections and, have participated in parliamentary elections (Common Dreams NewsCenter, 2005) As with the interpretation of Islam, notions of democracy and the structuring of administration of justice take on different forms in different Muslim countries with different experience. Throughout the Islamic world, governments have adopted varying degrees of self-representation in response to unique historical circumstances. Turkey, for example, is a parliamentary, secular democracy. Indonesia is one of the world’s largest republics, but an uncertain one as the nation still struggles to evolve a representative political system after decades of repressive authoritarian rule. Iraq is currently a case study in nation-building in the aftermath of the dictatorial regime of Saddam Hussein and Iran is a theocratic republic with a growing democratic reform movement. Whilst many Islamic states have moved closer to democracy, the aforementioned groups and States along with several other Islamic States, particularly in the Middle East, advocate the death penalty as a capital punishment for many different types of crimes. It has been claimed that Iran’s execution rate is second in the world only to that of China. However, this assertion has also been variously dismissed by the regime as exaggeration of the facts (Gelbart, 2010). Nevertheless, the death penalty is legal and permitted for certain crimes in Iran. Capital punishment can be administered for the crimes such as treason, rape, sodomy, terrorism, murder, the trafficking of drugs, paedophilia, kidnap and armed robbery (FIDH, 2011). The present Iranian regime has been a subject of controversy and stringent criticism in the West for some time now. The current central disputes focus predominantly around the research and manufacture of nuclear weapons although it has also received controversy for its policy on execution and capital punishment, perhaps the most controversial occurring over the execution of those under 18, considered by law as not yet adult (minors). These State-legitimised executions have been raised as issues because they directly violate the Convention of the Rights of the Child, a treaty signed by Iran which protects children from execution (EMINE, 2012). Iran has attempted to defray these allegations by claiming dispensation in these cases (and some others) because certain sections of the Convention have been deemed incompatible with ‘Islamic jurisprudence’ (DN. SE, 2008). The Iranian regime has also received criticism for the alleged use of stoning as a means of exacting the death penalty, although these allegations have been denied by the Iranian judiciary as Western propaganda, along with the allegations of the execution of minors (BBC NEWS, 2005). In February 2012 a new penal code was adopted by Iran which officially legislated against the administration of the death penalty to minors (those under the age of 18) and those of who are subject to diminished mental development. In some rare instances the death penalty can still be applied to minors who commit murder between the ages of 15 and 18 years old but only if the judge is completely confident that the crime was entirely and absolutely premeditated and that the perpetrators in question are as mentally developed as adults (Bozorgmehr, 2010). The issue of Iranian executions carried out against minors has also been a salient point in the campaigns of numerous human rights groups. These groups claim that in spite of Iran’s signing on the Convention on the Rights of the Child they are actually the largest executor of minors in the world. This may be due to the disparity of definition regarding children in Iran. The Islamic Penal Code (Article 49) defines a child in Iran, as stipulated by Islamic law, as ‘someone who has not reached the age of bulugh (puberty)’ (Human Rights Watch, 2008). This discrepancy may be due to Iran’s use of the lunar Islamic calendar for the determination of criminal responsibility, as opposed to the standard solar calendar, which is longer. This means that in some cases a criminal who faced the death penalty Iran would be tired as an18 year old in accordance with Islamic years but only be 17 years old in the Western standard solar calendar (O’Toole, 2007). As Marx (1843) famously asserted ‘Religion is the opium of the masses’. Throughout all history, religion has played the starring role in much of human conflict, with philosophical, political, sociological, as well as physical repercussions. Most of religions profess and share positive life philosophies and values, although it is commonly recognised that some religious entities and States have used their power to realise crimes against humanity. Some religious regimes have also used the respective doctrine of their associated religions, to carry out perceivably draconian brutality against their people, be it for political disagreement or legal dissent. It is difficult to foresee how Islamic societies can realise their tremendous potential without genuine political reform. Evidently, it is not Islam that is the greatest obstacle to serious democratisation and reform against the death penalty. On the contrary, the most important impediment is the continuing resistance of established political regimes, whose leaders espouse the language of democracy but rarely permit political liberalisation beyond that which they can orchestrate and control. Mona Yacoubian (Gelbart, 2010) makes a persuasive case for greater international involvement in urging the Iranian government toward greater reform. The key to the success of democratisation and reformation of the death penalty in Islamic societies is imposition of more freedom, expanding freedom of the press, freedom of religion, freedom of thought, and freedom to form independent organisations. The process may be long and slow but it must be real, sustainable, and measures should be taken to prevent the reversal of it. History shows that many governments in the Muslim world have become adept at promising democratic reforms only to fail on their promises ad deliver more oppression. In this regard, the international community needs to exert sustained pressure on the existing governments to sue for liberalisation, democratisation and extension of civil liberties: only through such routes can true societal freedom be attained. Real and genuine reforms are needed; liberal and moderate voices cannot be heard in an environment of fear and repression. The United States and European countries should stop implicitly and explicitly supporting all Middle Eastern dictatorships and oppressive regimes (rather than just those who operate in accordance with their political machinations); this they should do in the name of stability and to promote peace and strengthen the voices of liberal Islam, rather than propagating sometimes spurious propaganda in order to exercise military power and at the same time undermining their own arguments. Muslim countries must also gain experience with democratic institutions and practices. Nonetheless, the success to the development of democracy will necessarily be dependent on the success of the citizens to ultimately resolve their inner crisis, but this situation in turn will always be hampered unless the general unrest and political instability either plateaus or resolves of its own volition. How to cite Capital punishment in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Papers

Procter and Gamble Business Model †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Procter and Gamble Business Model. Answer: Introduction: Business Model Canvas is a strategic tool that helps organizations in developing a template with the help of which they can initiate success for the company in the target market. The purpose of this task is to provide a detailed literature of the business model canvas and its relation with the disruption present in the environment. It also talks about the external environment analysis (opportunities and threat) that are attained to the company PG with the use of smart connected products. The latter part of the essay talks about the business model canvas of PG along with its relation with value creation and resource and capabilities. More details about the essay are discussed below: The business model canvas approach is defined by Osteerwalder and Pigneur in the Business model generation book (2010). Further, according Teece (2010), the business model pronounces the information and provides valuable data and evidence that helps the company in identifying the values that the company can provide to the customers. Further, it should be noted that the model is a tool that includes different aspects and their relation with various activities of the company (Chesbrough, 2010) . The business model canvas is a tool that innate all the process of the organization and provides ways in which an organization can create value in the target market. Further, Zott et. al. (2011), in their literature stated that the business model canvas refers to a statement , description, representation, an architecture, a conceptual tool or a model that represents value of different departments of the company. The business model should of an organization should expressive the value proposition of the company by creating value in the products and services offered. It should identify the market segment (the users of products), the model should also define the value chain structure in the organization that should be used to supply the products. The model should also estimate the cost structure and profits that are to be earned using company value proposition. It should also describe the position of the company with the network linking the key people of the company; and lastly, it should formulate the competitive strategy to earn success in the target market Morris et al. (2005). A business model canvas in the current environment can only attain success by using technology and innovation in their process. With the changing environment it has become important to use disruption in the model to capture the value of the company and provide it to the customers present in the market (Osterwalder, Pigneur, 2010). It should be noted that disruption has become a buzzword in the competitive environment; with the use of such disruption, an organization can easily transform their business activities to efficiently provide its services in the target market. The companies that include disruptive innovation in their business activities tend to earn more benefit in the market (de Jong, van Dijk, 2015). This disruption in technology and innovation changes the complex and costly products in simple and easy affordable products that can be used by people. It should be noted that the companies now days are shifting their focus on the needs and requirements of the customers pres ent in the market. AirBnB has become one of the examples in this case by becoming disruptor in the environment by improving their hospitality services and providing better conditions to the customers to live in. Thus, it increases the customer satisfaction and sales for the company accordingly (Johnson, Christensen, Kagermann, 2008). Further talking about the company PG, it should be noted that the organization is an American multinational organization that was founded in the year 1837 by British American William Procter and Irish American James Gamble. The company provides a wide range of personal care, cleaning agent and healthcare products in the market (P G, 2018). The company has attained various opportunities in the market with the use of efficient and effective smart connected tools. These tools refer to a technological innovation that assists the organization in expanding their business activities to achieving the success in the market. These are the tools that are related to the IoT (internet of things) and helps in connecting, transferring and sharing the information from one department of the organization to another. These products add functionalities in the activities of the company PG that helps them in growing the profits in the market. The smart connected tools are developed with the software, pro cessors and sensors that allow the company to share data to different departments (Zott, Amit, Massa, 2011). The company PG is regarded as one of the biggest company initiating its activities in the external environment. So, these tools provide opportunities to the company in effectively operating its business in the international market. With the help of such tools the company can shares data with the branches of the company in different parts of the world in seconds which increases the effectiveness of the system. Also, the company connected its various products with the software that helped in increasing the efficiency of the product as well (Frana, et. al., 2017). Like, in the case of Oral-B brush, the connected created an application and connected with the brush that helped them in customers in knowing the areas where they have hygiene issues in their mouth. Further, these tools also helped the company in managing the supply chain management system by easily monitoring the supply of products in different parts of the world (Al-Debei, Avison, 2010). Along with many benefits, these tools also provide various threats to the company in the market. The major threat that the company face is the reduction in the privacy of the organization. If these tools are hacked or used by some other person then it might leak the price sensitive information of the company and information of their customers as well. Thus, it can hamper the image of the company present in the market. Also, these tools are complex in their usage so the employees might face difficulty in managing the operation along with managing these tools. It can act as an additional work for the employees that can reduce their concentration towards main motive of the company (Porter, Heppelmann, 2014). Thus, these are the opportunities and threats related to the use of smart connected products in PG Company. Business model of Procter Gamble Company Key Partners Product offered under different brands (Bounty, Pantene, Venus, Olay etc.) Contact manufacturers Media Suppliers Advertisement agencies Retailers and distributors Sponsorships Acquisitions Key Activities Manufacturing the consumer products under different brands. Advertisement Distribution Marketing Research and development Branding Quality check International expansion Value Proposition Includes diversified range of personal care and health care products Products with optimum quality Vast presence in retail stores. Massive brand image Different market segments worldwide. Customer Relationships Brand awareness Word of mouth After sales response from customers Direct communications with customers Recommendations Discounted coupons and offers Online availability of products. Coupon and gift vouchers. Customer Segments Mass Population House hold products Different targeted audiences for different product segment i.e. men, women and kids. People from all income levels. Key Resources 20 manufacturing sites in 20 parts of the world. Distribution network Huge brand portfolio Human Resources Extensive distribution network Facilities Connect with different people to enhance productivity Retail stores Channels Grocery Stores Retailers E-commerce Baby shops Trade partners Shopping malls Drug stores Promotion and advertisement. Cost Structure Supply chain and logistics raw materials Taxes Marketing Production costs Staff salaries Revenue Streams Sales of good from retail stores Online stores Cash on delivery of products Payment by debit and credit cards Licensing The two selected aspects of the business model canvas are resource and capabilities and value proposition. These are the two most important aspects of the business model canvas that have a major role in influence the growth of the company in the external environment. The company PG has many resource and capabilities due to which they are easily operating their business in different parts of the world. The company has 20 manufacturing plants in 20 cities of US where products are being produced and sold (P G, 2018). Further, the organization has also developed a qualified distribution channel that helps them in delivering the products and services to customers on time. PG has a leading brand portfolio that helps them in earning good returns in the external market. The company has 65 main brands that produces 95% of profits for the company (Vizlogi, 2018). Talking about value proposition, the biggest value of the company is added in its personal care and hygiene products. The company provides a diversified range of hygiene products under different brand names with efficient quality. Quality is the main aim of the organization due to which the company is able to manage its growth in the external market. This feature helps the management in initiating repeated sales of their products (Porter, Heppelmann, 2015). Thus, considering the above facts, it should be noted that the company PG is progressively initiating its activities in the external environment. The organization is satisfying the requirements of the customers present in the market due to which they are gaining successful brand image as well. The company earns competitive advantage in the market by properly using their resource and capabilities. Further, the above mention essay explained the meaning of business model and disruption and its use in an organization. References Al-Debei, M. M., Avison, D. (2010). Developing a unified framework of the business model concept.European Journal of Information Systems,19(3), 359-376. Chesbrough, H. (2010). Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers. Long Range Planning, 43(23), 354-363. de Jong, M., van Dijk, M. (2015). Disrupting beliefs: A new approach to business-model innovation. McKinsey Quarterly. Frana, C. L., Broman, G., Robrt, K. H., Basile, G., Trygg, L. (2017). An approach to business model innovation and design for strategic sustainable development.Journal of Cleaner Production,140, 155-166. Johnson, M. W., Christensen, C. M., Kagermann, H. (2008). Reinventing your business model. Harvard Business Review, 86(12), 50. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business Model Generation. New Jersey: Wiley (the unit textbook). The textbook is available from the CQUniversity library for free. P G. (2018). Our brands. Retrieved from https://www.pg.co.uk/our_brands PG. (2018), Caring About Your Look Beauty. Retrieved from https://www.pg.com/en_EG/products/look.shtml. Porter, M. E., Heppelmann, J. E. (2014). How smart, connected products are transforming competition.Harvard Business Review,92(11), 64-88. Porter, M. E., Heppelmann, J. E. (2015). How smart, connected products are transforming companies.Harvard Business Review,93(10), 96-114. Vizlogi, (2018). Procter Gamble business model canvas. Retrieved from https://vizologi.com/business-strategy-canvas/procter-gamble-business-model-canvas/ Zott, C., Amit, R., Massa, L. (2011). The business model: Recent developments and future research. Journal of Management : JOM, 37(4), 1019-1042.